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He served in the United States military the same year it was desegregated by President Harry Truman.

Hamilton taught at Tuskegee Institute and held faculty positions at Rutgers University, Lincoln University (in Pennsylvania), and Roosevelt University before joining the Columbia University faculty in 1969 and retiring in 1998. He and his family moved to Chicago in 1935, where he went on to receive a BA from Roosevelt University, JD from Loyola University, and PhD in Political Science from the University of Chicago.

Hamilton was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, in 1929 at the height of Jim Crow and the Great Depression. He has produced some of the most influential scholarship on race and American politics in the twentieth century, including his most famous book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation, which was written with the late Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) in 1967 and coined the phrase “institutional racism.” Hamilton has also authored The Black Preacher in America (1972) Bench and the Ballot: Southern Federal Judges and Black Voters (1973) Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: The Political Biography of an American Dilemma (1991) and The Dual Agenda: Race and the Social Welfare Policies of Civil Rights Organizations (1998), which he co-authored with his late wife Dona Cooper Hamilton. Sayre Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Government at Columbia University.